A computing system may include a virtualization server configured to run virtual sessions for a plurality of client devices, with each virtual session having a respective user profile associated therewith, and each user profile having a unique access token associated therewith. The system may further include a cloud computing service configured to store the user profiles, receive access tokens from the virtualization server upon initiation of virtual sessions associated with respective user profiles and provide the user profiles to the virtualization server responsive thereto, and cooperate with the virtualization server to synchronize changes in the user profiles responsive to the user sessions based upon the respective access tokens.