A power battery cap structure and a power battery are provided. The power battery cap structure includes a first terminal, a second terminal and a cap assembly; the second terminal is electrically insulated from the cap assembly. The power battery cap structure further includes a resistance which electrically connects the first terminal with the cap assembly. The cap assembly includes a cap sheet, a first short circuit part and a second short circuit part; the first and second short circuit part are attached to the cap sheet, when internal pressure of the power battery exceeds predetermined threshold, the first and second short circuit part act and form a first path passing through the first terminal, the second short circuit part, the resistance and the second terminal, and a second path passing through the first terminal, the first and second short circuit part and the second terminal.