Embodiments of the present disclosure disclose a method and apparatus for executing an instruction for an artificial intelligence chip. A specific embodiment of the method comprises: receiving descriptive information for describing a neural network model sent by a central processing unit, the descriptive information including at least one operation instruction; analyzing the descriptive information to acquire the at least one operation instruction; determining, for an operation instruction of the at least one operation instruction, a special-purpose execution component executing the operation instruction, and locking the determined special-purpose execution component; sending the operation instruction to the determined special-purpose execution component; and unlocking the determined special-purpose execution component in response to receiving a notification for instructing the operation instruction being completely executed.