An oblique incidence, prism-incident, silicon-based, immersion microchannel-based measurement device may include: a microchannel structure which has a support, a substrate which is formed on the support and made of a semiconductor or dielectric material, a cover part which has a prism structure and is installed on the support, and a microchannel which is formed in any one of an upper portion of the support and a lower end of the cover part; a sample injection part which forms an adsorption layer for a sample on a substrate by injecting a buffer solution containing the sample made of a biomaterial into the microchannel; a polarized light generation part which emits polarized incident light through an incident surface of the prism to the adsorption layer at an incident angle that satisfies a p-wave antireflection condition; and a polarized light detection part.