A method and apparatus for transmitting a transport block, and a method and apparatus for receiving a transport block are provided. The method includes: acquiring, by a transmitting node, a data signal obtained by performing a process of a physical layer procedure on the transport block, where the physical layer procedure at least includes channel coding and modulating, one transport block has multiple modulating and coding schemes, the multiple modulating and coding schemes include multiple modulating schemes, or multiple coding schemes, or multiple modulating schemes and multiple coding schemes; and transmitting, by the transmitting node, the data signal and a control signal corresponding to the data signal to a receiving node.