The present invention provides a stratum component optimization determination method and device, which fall within the technical field of oil-gas exploration well logging. The method comprises: establishing a stratum rock component model according to core analysis data and geological conditions of a stratum to be detected, and determining a well logging curve determined by a participation model; determining a well logging response equation expression corresponding to the well logging curve determined by the participation model; parsing, recording and storing the well logging response equation expression, establishing a target function of an optimization problem, and solving the target function through an iteration algorithm to determine an optimal component content of the stratum to be detected. By establishing the stratum rock component model, determining corresponding well logging response equation, and parsing through an expression parsing method and recording and storing the well logging response equation expression, and then, establishing the target function of the optimization problem, and obtaining the optimal component content of the stratum to be detected through the iteration algorithm, the present invention can not only optimizes the self-defined well logging response equation expression of the user, but achieves a high processing precision.