An optical element 1 includes a first layer (A1) and a second layer (A2) that faces the first layer (A1). The first layer (A1) includes a plurality of first structural bodies (B1) that each have optical anisotropy. In reflection of light entering from the first layer (A1), the second layer (A2) reflects the light while maintaining a polarization state of the light at incidence and at the reflection. The first layer (A1) changes, according to directions of orientation of the first structural bodies (B1), a phase of the light from a phase at incidence to the first layer (A1) from outside of the first layer (A1) to a phase at output from the first layer (A1) toward the second layer (A2). The first layer (A1) changes the phase of the light from a phase at incidence to the first layer (A1) from the second layer (A2) to a phase at output from the first layer (A1) toward the outside of the first layer (A1) according to the directions of orientation of the first structural bodies (B1).