The present disclosure provides a method and apparatus for detecting a dose distribution of an article. The method includes performing a fluoroscopy scanning on the article to be detected, to obtain mass data per unit area or unit volume for each point of the article to be detected; obtaining corresponding dose distribution data based on the mass data per unit area or unit volume and a preset mapping model, wherein the preset mapping model includes a mapping relationship between mass per unit area or unit volume and the dose distribution of the article under irradiation of a preset amount of energy; and matching the dose distribution data with a fluoroscopy image of the article to be detected, to generate and display a radiation image.