Disclosed are various examples for distributed profile and key management. In one example, a client device can include an agent application and a PIV-D application. The agent application can receive a partially populated device profile generated by a management service to configure a setting on the client device. The PIV-D application can generate a derived credential and provide the derived credential to the agent application. The agent application can modify the partially populated device profile to include the credential to create a fully populated device profile and configure the client device in accordance with the fully populated device profile.