The present disclosure describes optical and optoelectronic assemblies that, in some cases, include screen-printed micro-spacers, as well as methods for manufacturing such assemblies and modules. For example, an optoelectronic device mounted on a substrate can include an optical sub-assembly including a first optical element and a first micro-spacer on the optical element. The optical sub-assembly can be disposed over the optoelectronic device, with a first air or vacuum gap separating the first optical element from the optoelectronic device, and the first micro-spacer laterally surrounding the first air or vacuum gap.