A method for determining residue coverage within a field after a harvesting operation may include receiving yield data associated with an estimated crop yield across a field and generating an estimated residue coverage map for the field based at least in part on the yield data. The method may further include receiving residue data associated with residue coverage across a surface of the field following the performance of a harvesting operation within the field. Additionally, the method may include generating an updated residue coverage map for the field based at least in part on the estimated residue coverage map and the residue data.