Methods, systems, and apparatus monitor medication usage data for one patient or a population of patients, which can be processed to determine compliance patterns. Such methods and systems can associate, analyze, organize and present medication usage data, compliance patterns, and correlations between compliance patterns and outcomes data for electronic analysis or analysis by a caretaker. Such methods, systems, and apparatus permit analysis of compliance patterns to enable, for example, establishment or adjustment of safe and effective treatment regimens, and may include feedback systems for ensuring authenticity of medication and/or effects of medication on a patient.