A light-emitting device includes a first electrode, a second electrode facing the first electrode, and an interlayer between the first electrode and the second electrode, the interlayer including an emission layer. The first electrode may be doped with a metal oxide having a work function of less than about −5.05 electron volts (eV), and a layer including a halide of a lanthanide may be between the first electrode and the emission layer. An electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device is also provided.