Circuitry of a decoder is configured to decode an image according to a coding structure including an intra random access point (IRAP) picture, leading pictures to be output before the IRAP picture in output order, and trailing pictures to be output after the IRAP picture in the output order. When the image is decoded, the circuitry decodes, according to a flag in a bitstream, at most one trailing picture among the trailing pictures before decoding the leading pictures in decoding order, and decodes the trailing pictures other than the at most one trailing picture after decoding the leading pictures in the decoding order. The flag indicates whether a picture of each of access units in the bitstream is a field picture. The circuitry decodes the at most one trailing picture before decoding the leading pictures in the decoding order when the flag indicates that the picture is a field picture.