The present invention relates to methods for predicting peptides or polypeptides such as T cell epitopes useful for immunotherapy such as for vaccination. In particular, the present invention relates to methods for predicting whether peptides or polypeptides such as tumor-associated antigens or epitopes, in particular tumor-associated neoantigens or neoepitopes, are immunogenic and, in particular, useful for immunotherapy such as for vaccination. The methods of the invention may be used, in particular, for the provision of vaccines which are specific for a patient's tumor and, thus, in the context of personalized cancer vaccines.