A synchronization method and apparatus and a location awareness method and apparatus in a chaotic communication system are provided. The location awareness method includes receiving a data frame which includes a template chaotic signal to be determined to be arranged at a predetermined position of the data frame, and a data source signal obtained by modulating the template chaotic signal, the position allocated to a user; detecting a position of the data frame in which the template chaotic signal is substantially arranged; and determining the distance between a device transmitting the data frame and a device receiving the data frame using the difference between the position of the data frame in which the template chaotic signal is substantially arranged and the predetermined position. Accordingly, it is possible to precisely detect the distance between devices.