Microfabricated devices for operation in a fluid that include a substrate that has a first and second surface and a first electrode material layer located over the first surface of the substrate. The devices have a piezoelectric material layer located over the first electrode material layer and a second electrode material layer located over the piezoelectric material layer. The devices also include a layer of isolation material located over the second electrode material layer that at least one of chemically or electrically isolates a portion of the second electrode material layer from a fluid. Some devices include a layer of conductive material located over the layer of isolation material.