A toner including a fluorine-containing compound partially comprising a quaternary ammonium group at the surface thereof, which is prepared by a method, including dispersing or emulsifying an oil phase including toner constituents including a pigment, and at least one member selected from the group consisting of modified layered inorganic minerals partially including a quaternary alkylammonium group and toner constituent precursors in an aqueous medium, wherein the toner constituents includes the modified layered inorganic mineral in an amount of from 0.05 to 2% by weight and the toner includes a fluorine atom in an amount of from 0.02 to 0.075 K cps when measured with a fluorescent X-ray.