Provided is a method and apparatus for transmitting and receiving data using a polarization transmission in a line-of-sight (LOS) radio communication system. An for transmitting data using a polarization transmission in a LOS radio communication system may include: an antenna unit including at least two antennas to transmit or receive via a different polarization path; a polarization data setting unit to set the different polarization path for each of the at least two antennas; and a resource allocation unit to set a transmission scheme according to a data characteristic and a service type, and to allocate a resource to be transmitted via the different polarization path according to the transmission scheme.