A differential code optical transmission and reception device including: a digital signal processing optical transceiver that converts information data into an optical signal and transmits it to a communication channel, a reception front end part that receives the optical signal from the communication channel, an O/E conversion part that converts the optical signal received from the communication channel into an electrical signal, a skew correction part that regulates or correct a skew between lanes contained in the electrical signal, a differential decoder that decodes a differential code of the skew corrected electrical signal, and a lane exchange/rotation part that rearranges the electrical signal having passed through the differential decoder into a lane state thereof at the time of transmission in cases where lane exchange has occurred in the communication channel.