The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating TRPV1 activity-related or inflammation-related, diseases or conditions, containing a Maillard peptide separated from well-aged traditional soy sauce as an active ingredient. The Maillard peptide according to the present invention functions both as a TRPV1 agonist and a TRPV1 antagonist, and thus functions as a TRPV1 activity modulator. Therefore, the present Maillard peptide can be used as a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating TRPV1 activity-related diseases such as pain, neurological diseases, urgent defecation, inflammatory bowel disease, respiratory diseases, urinary incontinence, overactive bladder, neurogenic/allergic/inflammatory skin diseases, skin, eye or mucosal irritation, hyperacusis, tinnitus, vestibular hypersensitivity, heart disease, etc. In addition, the Maillard peptide of the present invention can inhibit COX-2 activity, and therefore can be effectively used as a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating inflammation-related diseases or conditions such as rheumatic fever, influenza, cold, throat pain, headaches, toothaches, sprains, neuralgia, synovitis, rheumatoid arthritis, degenerative arthropathies, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis, dermatitis, etc.