An actively driven spiral pipeline robot is disclosed, comprising: a body, a power device, a driving shaft, an axle, a driving wheel carrier mounted at one end of the body, and a variable diameter mechanism disposed on the driving wheel carrier. The axle is disposed on the variable diameter mechanism. A driving wheel is fixedly mounted on the axle. The driving shaft and the axle are connected via a connector. The driving shaft is further connected with an output shaft of the power device via a transmission device. The present invention has following beneficial effects: a scope of application of the robot is expanded, an operation is stable, and an axial force is large. In addition, an axial position of the robot is adjusted by controlling an operation of the driving wheel, and an adjustment precision is high.