A learning computer system may include a data processing system and a hardware processor and may estimate parameters and states of a stochastic or uncertain system. The system may receive data from a user or other source; process the received data through layers of processing units, thereby generating processed data; apply masks or filters to the processed data using convolutional processing; process the masked or filtered data to produce one or more intermediate and output signals; compare the output signals with reference signals to generate error signals; send and process the error signals back through the layers of processing units; generate random, chaotic, fuzzy, or other numerical perturbations of the received data, the processed data, or the output signals; estimate the parameters and states of the stochastic or uncertain system using the received data, the numerical perturbations, and previous parameters and states of the stochastic or uncertain system; determine whether the generated numerical perturbations satisfy a condition; and, if the numerical perturbations satisfy the condition, inject the numerical perturbations into the estimated parameters or states, the received data, the processed data, the masked or filtered data, or the processing units.