The disclosure relates to an organic electroluminescence element including: a first substrate on a light extraction side thereof; a second substrate opposite the first substrate; and an organic light-emitting laminate between the first substrate and the second substrate. The first substrate includes a doped region in a surface close to the organic light-emitting laminate, the doped region being doped with a dopant for causing change in a refractive index of the first substrate to enhance a light-outcoupling efficiency.