The present technology relates to an audio signal output device and a method, an encoding device and a method, a decoding device and a method, and a program for realizing audio reproduction with a more realistic feeling.In a case where an audio signal generated to be output as a sound from an ideal speaker that is a virtual speaker placed in an ideal position is input, the distance between the ideal speaker and a real reproduction speaker is determined. Gain adjustment is then performed on the audio signal with the gain corresponding to the determined distance, the audio signal subjected to the gain adjustment is reproduced by the reproduction speaker. Accordingly, even in a case where there is a difference in position between the ideal speaker and the reproduction speaker, audio reproduction with a more realistic feeling can be realized. The present technology can be applied to reproduction devices.