A light-emitting device includes a photoluminescent layer and a light-transmissive layer. At least one of the photoluminescent layer and the light-transmissive layer has a submicron structure having at least projections or recesses. The photoluminescent layer emits light including first light having a wavelength λa in air. The distance Dint between adjacent projections or recesses and the refractive index nwav-a of the photoluminescent layer for the first light satisfy λa/nwav-a