A method of an application processor including a processor, a video coder, a memory, and a graphic processing unit (GPU), the method including modifying, based on a modification parameter, a reference image to generate a modified reference image, the reference image being configured to be stored in the memory, and determining motion information associated with a coding block of a current image, the current image and the reference image being temporally different. The motion information is associated with at least one of the modification parameter and the modified reference image.