A pavement structure and method of steel bridge deck. The pavement method for steel bridge deck comprises: laying consecutively a 0.6 mm-0.8 mm epoxy waterproofing bond material layer, a 30 mm-40 mm injectable self-flowing asphalt concrete material layer, a 0.4 mm-0.6 mm epoxy asphalt bond material layer, and a 25 mm-40 mm latex cement mortar poured asphalt concrete material layer onto the top of the steel bridge deck to form the steel bridge deck pavement structure. The present invention has improved the overall deformation coordination ability and anti-fatigue performance of the pavement layer, and has obtained a comprehensive balance among the crack resistance at low temperatures, the stability performance at high temperatures, and the durability of the structure, and it is a scheme with high performance pavement structure.