A multi-stream data transmission method, including: obtaining, by an anchor, resource availability data of all data transmission paths from a UE, where the resource availability data includes resource data of wireless backhaul links between all access nodes and the anchor; determining, by the anchor, multiple target data transmission paths according to the resource availability data of all the data transmission paths; transmitting service data to the UE in a multi-stream manner by using the multiple target data transmission paths, where the multiple target data transmission paths include a corresponding wireless backhaul link that is established between a target access node and the anchor by using a wireless backhaul device; sending, by the target access node, the service data to the UE by using the corresponding wireless backhaul link; and obtaining, by the UE, the service data by using the multiple target data transmission paths.