The present invention discloses a diode array-based digitized miniature ultra-low-power-consumption impact monitoring system, which belongs to the technical field of aircraft structural health monitoring. The impact monitoring system consists of a miniature sensor array interface, a passive band-pass filter array, a diode array, a digital conversion and management module, an on-board bus communication module, a monitoring data storage module, a self-powering module, and a miniature communication and power supply interface. According to the impact monitoring system, the amplitudes of impact response signals are controlled within a clamp voltage range of diodes by using the diode array, thereby realizing the first-stage digitization; and the second-stage digitization of the impact response signals is realized by using the digital conversion and management module consisting of a miniature field programmable gate array of ultra-low-power-consumption. The impact monitoring system can realize on-line, real-time and uninterrupted impact monitoring on large-scale aircraft structures, thereby improving the safety and maintenance efficiency of the aircraft structures.