A dosimeter includes a substrate and a plurality of nanowire pairs located on the substrate. The plurality of nanowire pairs simulate a plurality of human chromosome pairs. A method of determining an effect of delivering ionizing radiation with a dosimeter having a substrate and a plurality of nanowire pairs located on the substrate, wherein the plurality of nanowire pairs simulate a plurality of human chromosome pairs is provided. The method includes the steps of delivering ionizing radiation to the plurality of nanowire pairs; acquiring information relating to the ionizing radiation; and determining, from the information, the effect of the delivered radiation on the plurality of nanowire pairs.