According to an example, multi-factor authentication based content management may include receiving a document viewing device certificate of a document viewing device, where the document viewing device certificate may enable the document viewing device to view an encrypted document. A determination may be made as to whether to permit the document viewing device to modify or print the encrypted document based on the document viewing device certificate. In response to a determination to permit the document viewing device to modify or print the encrypted document based on the document viewing device certificate, an authentication apparatus certificate that enables the document viewing device to modify or print the encrypted document may be forwarded to the document viewing device.