A system performs convolution computing in either a matrix mode or a filter mode. An analysis module generates a mode select signal to select the matrix mode or the filter mode based on results of analyzing convolution characteristics. The results include at least a comparison of resource utilization between the matrix mode and the filter mode. A convolution module includes processing elements, each of which further includes arithmetic computing circuitry. The convolution module is configured according to the matrix mode for performing matrix multiplications converted from convolution computations, and is configured according to the filter mode for performing the convolution computations.