The present invention relates to a composition for promoting the proliferation of stem cells derived from bone marrow using a palmultang extract, and specifically, to a composition for promoting the proliferation of stem cells derived from bone marrow by administering a granulocyte colony-stimulating factor to a subject and then administering the palmultang extract to the subject. The composition of the present invention remarkably reduces side effects, such as enlargement of the spleen, which are caused by the administration of G-CSF alone for proliferation and differentiation of the stem cells, through administration in combination with the palmultang extract, thereby further promoting the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells.