According to one embodiment of the present invention, a method by which a terminal reports a channel state on the basis of a channel state information-reference signal (CSI-RS) in a wireless communication system can comprise the steps of: transmitting, to a base station, terminal capability information related to the maximum number of CSI processes which can be simultaneously updated or calculated by the terminal in which a shortened processing time has been set; receiving an aperiodic CSI request from the base station; and, according to the aperiodic CSI request, updating or calculating CSI in a CSI reference resource at the point of time set for the shortened processing time, on the basis of the terminal capability information and transmitting the updated or calculated CSI to the base station.