A production apparatus for short-process metal composite plate manufacturing, comprising a metal supply device including an uncoiler (1), pinch roll (2), shot blasting machine (3), welding device (4), welding pinch roll (5), induction heating apparatus (6), metal delivery machine (7), two crystallization cooling rolls (8), secondary cooling leveling roll (9), rolling mill pinch roll (10), rolling mill (11), on-line cooling apparatus (12), straightener (13), and at least one of a dividing shear (14) and a recoiling machine (15). Also disclosed is a production method for short-process metal composite plate manufacturing. The apparatus and method combine continuous casting, rolling, and heat-treating means for single material production with continuous and large-scale production of composite plate strips, and production efficiency of composite plates is sharply improved. Single-sided or double-sided composite plate production having different thickness specifications can be performed, the optional range of a base layer or cladding material is wide.