Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for machine translation using neural networks. In some implementations, a text in one language is translated into a second language using a neural network model. The model can include an encoder neural network comprising a plurality of bidirectional recurrent neural network layers. The encoding vectors are processed using a multi-headed attention module configured to generate multiple attention context vectors for each encoding vector. A decoder neural network generates a sequence of decoder output vectors using the attention context vectors. The decoder output vectors can represent distributions over various language elements of the second language, allowing a translation of the text into the second language to be determined based on the sequence of decoder output vectors.