Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, for implementing brain emulation neural networks on user devices. One of the methods includes obtaining, by a first component of a user device, a network input; processing, by the first component of the user device, the network input using an artificial neural network to generate a network output, wherein the artificial neural network has a network architecture that has been determined according to a synaptic connectivity graph, wherein the synaptic connectivity graph represents synaptic connectivity between neurons in a brain of a biological organism; and providing the network output for use by one or more second components of the user device.