The present disclosure relates to the field of construction machinery, and discloses a troweling device and a troweling robot. The troweling device includes: a main body; a roller traveling mechanism mounted on the main body and can travel along a construction surface; and a vibrating slurry extracting mechanism mounted on the main body and located behind the roller traveling mechanism in a traveling direction of the troweling device. The vibrating slurry extracting mechanism can abut against the construction surface, and perform slurry extracting on slurry on the construction surface through vibration.