A device and method for improving data transmission and reception throughput in an electronic device are provided. The electronic device includes a communication circuit for communication with a designated network, a processor including a multi-core, and a memory. The memory may store instructions that, when executed, cause the processor to detect a new data flow on the basis of the communication circuit, identify the type of the network connected via the communication circuit, identify, on the basis of a policy related to the identified network, a boosting start condition for the new data flow, and when boosting for the new data flow starts, set the frequency of a core, which processes a packet related to the new data flow, to a designated frequency.