A system comprises a powertrain including an engine configured to output torque to a driveline, and an electronic control system operatively coupled with the powertrain. The electronic control system is configured to determine an engine torque value, and control a component of the driveline in response to the engine torque value. The engine torque value may account for an effect of air-fuel ratio (AFR) on engine torque. The engine torque value may account for an effect of charge transport delay on engine torque