In an example, a method includes receiving a signed message generated by a computing device associated with a private key and a public key. The signed message includes an input message signed with the private key. The method further includes generating, using processing circuitry, a candidate public key based on the input message and the signed message using a public key recovery procedure. The method further includes determining the public key associated with the computing device based on an indication as to whether or not the candidate public key corresponds to the public key associated with the computing device.