An electronic device may include a housing including a first housing and a second housing configured to receive at least a portion of the first housing and move with respect to the first housing, a display configured to be extended based on a slide of the first housing, a motor disposed in the housing, a gear assembly configured to move the first housing and including a first gear connected to the motor and a second gear configured to mesh with the first gear, at least one sensor disposed in the housing and configured to detect a driving state of at least a portion of the gear assembly, and at least one processor operatively connected with the motor and the at least one sensor. The at least one processor may sense, through the at least one sensor, a signal related to the driving state of at least the portion of the gear assembly while at least one of the first gear or the second gear is driven and identify whether at least one of the first gear or the second gear is deformed based on the sensed signal.