The present invention provides an intelligent geophysical data acquisition system and acquisition method for shale oil and gas optical fiber. A pipe string is arranged in a metal casing, and an external armored optical cable is fixed outside the metal casing; an, internal armored optical cable is fixed outside the pipe string; the external armored optical cable comprises a downhole acoustic sensing optical cable, two multi-mode optical fibers, a strain optical cable and a pressure sensor array, and further comprises horizontal ground acoustic sensing optical cables arranged in the shallow part of the ground according to an orthogonal grid, and artificial seismic source excitation points arranged on the ground according to the orthogonal grid.