According to various embodiments, a sensor device may comprise: an energy harvester configured to generate electrical energy; an energy storage circuit configured to store the generated electrical energy; a monitoring circuit; a sensor; a communication circuit; and at least one processor, wherein the at least one processor is configured to identify a voltage of the energy storage circuit through the monitoring circuit, operate in a first mode in response to identification that the voltage is equal to or lower than a threshold value, operate in a second mode which consumes more power than the first mode, in response to identification that the voltage exceeds the threshold value, acquire a sensing value through the sensor according to a sensing scheme corresponding to one of the first mode and the second mode, and control the communication circuit to transmit the voltage and the sensing value to another electronic device according to the communication scheme corresponding to one of the first mode and the second mode. Various other embodiments are possible.