Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, for selecting actions to be performed by an agent interacting with an environment to accomplish a goal. In one aspect, a method comprises: generating a respective planning embedding corresponding to each of multiple experience tuples in an external memory, wherein each experience tuple characterizes interaction of the agent with the environment at a respective previous time step; processing the planning embeddings using a planning neural network to generate an implicit plan for accomplishing the goal; and selecting the action to be performed by the agent at the time step using the implicit plan.