A pattern formation method includes forming a first capping layer on a substrate, forming a recess that penetrates the first capping layer and an upper portion of the substrate, such that a non-penetrated portion of the first capping layer constitutes a first capping pattern, forming a second capping pattern that covers an inner sidewall of the recess, and forming a stack structure in the recess, such that the stack structure includes first stack patterns and second stack patterns that are alternately stacked, and the second capping pattern is between the substrate and a lateral surface of the stack structure.