Example aspects include techniques for query processing over deep neural network runtimes. These techniques include receiving a query including a query operator and a trainable user defined function (UDF). In addition, the techniques include determining a query representation based on the query, and determining, for performing the query in a neural network runtime, an initial neural network program based on the query representation, the initial neural network program including a differentiable operators corresponding to the query operator. and executing the neural network program in the neural network runtime over the neural network data structure to generate a query result. Further, the techniques include training the initial neural network program via the neural network runtime to determine a trained neural network program, and executing the trained neural network program in the neural network runtime to generate inference information.