An intelligent Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF)-based method and system for real-time inversion of hydraulic fractures is provided. The method includes: conducting real-time sampling on mechanical properties of rocks in a reservoir near a fracturing stage to obtain a rock mechanical property sample set; obtaining a hydrofracturing design parameter sample set according to the rock mechanical property sample set; inputting the rock mechanical property sample set and the hydrofracturing design parameter sample set into a fracture propagation-oriented machine learning model to obtain a predicted fracture propagation state; and obtaining, by EnKF, an updated fracture propagation state according to the predicted fracture propagation state and real-time observation data.