Methods, apparatus, a system, a computer program and a computer-readable data carrier are disclosed. A method comprises providing spectroscopic data associated with at least one microorganism, and obtained via a Raman or Infrared spectroscopy technique, as an input into at least one machine learning module, and responsive to providing the spectroscopic data, providing at least one trained machine learning model, wherein the trained machine learning model is configured to identify at least one microorganism in a biological sample.